Despite previous research achievements, the toxicological mechanism of ZnO NPs has not been elucidated in certain species or cancer cells. Similarly, ZnO NPs may cause oxidative stress in macrophages and human cells, resulting in lipid peroxidation, cell membrane damage, and ultimately cell death or apoptosis. Regarding the underlying mechanism of toxicity, TiO 2 NPs promote the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by modulating cell metabolism with light, whereas overproduction of ROS may damage the antioxidant mechanism in macrophages and cause toxic effects in brain microglia or other cells. Compared to titanium dioxide (TiO 2) NPs, ZnO NPs exert relatively strong toxic effects on human pulmonary epithelial cells, and the toxicities of both kinds of metal oxide NPs are controlled by their physicochemical characteristics (e.g., size and crystal phase). Metal oxide nanomaterials such as zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs exhibit antibacterial, anticorrosive, antifungal, and UV-filtering properties as well as certain cytotoxicity. Therefore, the biological safety of NPs has aroused great concerns by governments and academic circles. Associated research has been conducted on carbon nanomaterials first, and the test objective has been extended from mouse to aquatic organisms (largemouth bass, Daphnia magna, Tetrahymena thermophila, and crucian carp) and human cells. Research of nanomaterial toxicology is presently at an early development stage. This situation has increasingly aggravated the damage to ecological environment and human health, mainly because various NPs have diverse effects (small-scale, surface, quantum-size, and/or macroscopic quantum tunneling). With rapid development of nanotechnology, the application field and commercial manufacturing scale of synthetic nanomaterials and nanoparticles (hereinafter referred to as NPs) have undergone significant expansion worldwide. This study elucidates the toxicological mechanism of ZnO NPs in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells and provides reference data for application of nanomaterials in the environment. The intracellular ROS level rose up to 30–40% corresponding to significant depletion (approximately 70–80%) in GSH content in LTEP-a-2 cells ( ), suggesting that ZnO NPs induced apoptosis mainly through increased ROS production. Results showed that ZnO NPs (≥0.01 μg/mL) significantly inhibited proliferation ( ) and induced substantial apoptosis in LTEP-a-2 cells after 4 h of exposure. Both intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were examined by a microplate-reader method. Apoptosis was detected by using fluorescence microscopy and caspase-3 activity assay. Cell morphological changes were observed by Giemsa staining and light microscopy. Log-phase cells were exposed to different levels of ZnO NPs for hours, followed by colorimetric cell viability assay using tetrazolium salt and cell survival rate assay using trypan blue dye. In this study, the toxicity of ZnO NPs in a human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line LTEP-a-2 was tested in vitro. Retrieved 4 August 2021.Owing to the wide use of novel nanoparticles (NPs) such as zinc oxide (ZnO) in all aspects of life, toxicological research on ZnO NPs is receiving increasing attention in these days.
Ishq Aur Pyar Ka Maza Lijiye - Shapath (1997).Hayo Rabba Pyar Ho Gaya - Tirchhi Topiwale (1998).Raja has also acted in Bollywood movies such as Shapath (1997), Yamraaj (1998), Mother (1999), and Ghanchakkar (2013).Īltaf Raja, Farid Sabari Jaipuri, Ram Shankar Raja's breakthrough came in 1997 with the album Tum To Thehre Pardesi, which sold 4 million units.
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Born in 1967 at Nagpur to professional Qawwals, Altaf Raja began musical training at the age of 15.
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